Prolapsed Intervertebral Disc (Herniated Disc)
A prolapsed intervertebral disc, commonly known as a herniated disc, occurs when the soft inner gel-like core of a spinal disc bulges out through a tear in the tougher outer layer. This can lead to compression of nearby nerves, resulting in pain and other neurological symptoms.
Causes
- Degenerative Changes: Aging can cause discs to lose hydration and elasticity, making them more prone to injury.
- Injury or Trauma: Lifting heavy objects improperly, sudden twisting motions, or trauma from accidents can lead to disc herniation.
- Genetic Factors: A family history of disc problems may increase the risk.
- Obesity: Excess weight places additional stress on the spine.
Symptoms
Symptoms can vary depending on the location of the herniated disc and whether it compresses nearby nerves:
Lumbar Herniation
Commonly affects the lower back and may cause
- Pain in the lower back or buttocks.
- Radiating pain down the leg (sciatica).
- Numbness or tingling in the legs or feet.
- Muscle weakness in the legs.
Cervical Herniation
Affects the neck and may cause
- Neck pain
- Radiating pain down the arm
- Numbness or tingling in the arms or hands.
- Muscle weakness in the arms.
Diagnosis
- Physical Examination: Assessment of reflexes, strength, and sensory function.
- Imaging Studies: MRI or CT scans are used to visualize the disc and determine the extent of the herniation and nerve compression.
Treatment
Conservative Management
- Rest: Short-term activity modification
- Physical Therapy: Exercises to strengthen back and abdominal muscles.
- Medications:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain relief and inflammation.
- Epidural Steroid Injections Epidural Steroid Injections
Surgical Treatment(if conservative methods fail)
- Discectomy Removal of the herniated portion of the disc.
- Laminectomy: Removal of part of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the nerves.
- Spinal Fusion: May be performed if there is significant instability.
Prognosis
Many individuals experience significant improvement with conservative treatment. However, some may continue to experience symptoms or require surgical intervention. Rehabilitation is essential for recovery and to prevent future issues.
Summary
A prolapsed intervertebral disc can lead to debilitating pain and neurological symptoms, but early diagnosis and a comprehensive treatment plan can help manage symptoms effectively. Most individuals find relief through conservative measures, while surgery is an option for those who do not respond to less invasive treatments.
